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Niels Bohr

Founder of the Bohr Model of the Atom

Niels Bohr (1885–1962) was a Danish physicist who made foundational contributions to understanding atomic structure and quantum theory. Born in Copenhagen, Bohr studied at the University of Copenhagen and later worked with J.J. Thomson and Ernest Rutherford, absorbing the cutting-edge ideas of atomic physics.

The Bohr Model of the Atom

Bohr proposed a model of the hydrogen atom in 1913 that incorporated quantum principles. He suggested that electrons orbit the nucleus in discrete energy levels without radiating energy, and that energy is emitted or absorbed only when an electron transitions between levels.

The allowed energies of the hydrogen atom are given by:

\[ E_n = - \frac{13.6 \, \text{eV}}{n^2}, \quad n = 1, 2, 3, \dots \]

Here, \( n \) is the principal quantum number. This formula accurately explained the spectral lines of hydrogen observed experimentally.

Bohr’s Correspondence Principle

Bohr introduced the correspondence principle, stating that the behavior of systems described by quantum theory reproduces classical physics in the limit of large quantum numbers. This principle provided a bridge between classical and quantum mechanics.

Complementarity and Philosophy of Physics

Bohr emphasized the complementary nature of physical phenomena, particularly in quantum mechanics, where wave and particle descriptions are both necessary but mutually exclusive. His debates with Einstein highlighted the philosophical implications of quantum theory and shaped modern interpretations of quantum mechanics.

Contributions and Legacy

Beyond the Bohr model, he helped establish the Institute of Theoretical Physics in Copenhagen, mentoring a generation of physicists who became leaders in quantum mechanics. Bohr received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922 for his investigations of atomic structure and quantum theory.

Niels Bohr’s insights laid the foundation for modern atomic physics, quantum mechanics, and the understanding of chemical bonding, influencing countless areas of science and technology.